Energy conversion factor tables (provisional, 0.92)
This page lists every entry of the factor sets bundled in camber.energy_factors. It is
generated from the JSON files by python scripts/energy_factors_refresh.py --docs --write, and a
test fails when it is out of date. How the sets are used, the "M" note and how to add a set are
in Energy units: Energy conversion factors.
Values are as printed in the source, with its thousands separators. A key such as kcf or
MMcf is CAMBER's unambiguous name for the printed unit. (!) marks a multiplier the source
prints inconsistently with its own heat content. It is kept as printed, the note under the table
explains it, and using it raises a caveat. The Notes column gives the source's footnote numbers.
ENERGY STAR Portfolio Manager Technical Reference: Thermal Energy Conversions
energy_star_thermal_2015: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ENERGY STAR, edition 2015-08, retrieved 2026-09-28. Source: https://portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/pdf/reference/Thermal%20Conversions.pdf (sha256 52fb681b4c3c626a7132a7546ba86b236921a304c4e990c309598e47f1c9ece1). Multipliers to kBtu, as printed.
Electricity (Grid Purchase and Onsite Renewable) (electricity)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| kWh (thousand Watt-hours) | kWh |
3.412 | 3.412 | |||
| MWh (million Watt-hours) | MWh |
3,412 | 3,412 | |||
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US Not Applicable; CA Not Applicable.
Natural Gas (natural_gas)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| cf (cubic feet) | ft3 |
1.026 | 1,026 Btu/cf | 1.031 | 1,031.43 Btu/cf | 1, 2a |
| Ccf (hundred cubic feet) | CCF |
102.6 | 1,026 Btu/cf | 103.143 | 1,031.43 Btu/cf | 1, 2a |
| Kcf (thousand cubic feet) | kcf |
1,026 | 1,026 Btu/cf | 1,031 | 1,031.43 Btu/cf | 1, 2a |
| Mcf (million cubic feet) | MMcf |
1,026,000 | 1,026 Btu/cf | 1,031,430 | 1,031.43 Btu/cf | 1, 2a, 5 |
| Therms | therm |
100 | 100 | |||
| cubic meters | m3 |
36.303 (!) | 1,026 Btu/cf | 36.425 | 1,031.43 Btu/cf | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 1,026 Btu/cf; CA 1,031.43 Btu/cf.
- US
m3: The printed 36.303 kBtu per cubic metre is 0.19% above 1,026 Btu/cf x 35.3147 cf/m3 = 36.233 kBtu. Transcribed as printed; Portfolio Manager applies the printed multiplier.
Fuel Oil (No. 1) (fuel_oil_1)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Gallons (US) | gal_US |
139 | 0.139 MBtu/gallon | 139.210 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| Gallons (UK) | gal_UK |
166.927 | 0.139 MBtu/gallon | 167.184 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| liters | L |
36.720 | 0.139 MBtu/gallon | 36.775 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 0.139 MBtu/gallon; CA 0.139210 MBtu/gallon.
Fuel Oil (No. 2) (fuel_oil_2)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Gallons (US) | gal_US |
138 | 0.138 MBtu/gallon | 139.210 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| Gallons (UK) | gal_UK |
165.726 | 0.138 MBtu/gallon | 167.184 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| liters | L |
36.456 | 0.138 MBtu/gallon | 36.775 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 0.138 MBtu/gallon; CA 0.139210 MBtu/gallon.
Fuel Oil (No. 4) (fuel_oil_4)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Gallons (US) | gal_US |
146 | 0.146 MBtu/gallon | 139.210 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| Gallons (UK) | gal_UK |
175.333 | 0.146 MBtu/gallon | 167.184 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| liters | L |
38.569 | 0.146 MBtu/gallon | 36.775 | 0.139210 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 0.146 MBtu/gallon; CA 0.139210 MBtu/gallon.
Fuel Oil (No. 5 & No. 6) (fuel_oil_5_6)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | 3 | ||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 3, 5 | ||
| Gallons (US) | gal_US |
150 | 0.150 MBtu/gallon | 152.485 | 0.152485 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a, 3 |
| Gallons (UK) | gal_UK |
180.137 | 0.150 MBtu/gallon | 183.127 | 0.152485 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a, 3 |
| liters | L |
39.626 | 0.150 MBtu/gallon | 40.282 | 0.152485 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a, 3 |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 | 3 |
Heat content: US 0.150 MBtu/gallon; CA 0.152485 MBtu/gallon.
Diesel (diesel)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Gallons (US) | gal_US |
138 | 0.138 MBtu/gallon | 137.416 | 0.137416 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| Gallons (UK) | gal_UK |
165.726 | 0.138 MBtu/gallon | 165.029 | 0.137416 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| liters | L |
36.456 | 0.138 MBtu/gallon | 36.301 | 0.137416 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 0.138 MBtu/gallon; CA 0.137416 MBtu/gallon.
Kerosene (kerosene)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Gallons (US) | gal_US |
135 | 0.135 MBtu/gallon | 135.191 | 0.135191 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| Gallons (UK) | gal_UK |
162.123 | 0.135 MBtu/gallon | 162.358 | 0.135191 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| liters | L |
35.663 | 0.135 MBtu/gallon | 35.714 | 0.135191 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 0.135 MBtu/gallon; CA 0.135191 MBtu/gallon.
Propane (propane)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 4, 5 | ||
| Cf (cubic feet) | ft3 |
2.516 | 2.516 | 4 | ||
| Ccf (hundred cubic feet) | CCF |
251.6 | 251.6 | 4 | ||
| Kcf (thousand cubic feet) | kcf |
2,516 | 2,516 | 4 | ||
| Gallons (US) | gal_US |
92 | 0.092 MBtu/gallon | 90.809 (!) | 0.09089 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a, 4 |
| Gallons (UK) | gal_UK |
110.484 | 0.092 MBtu/gallon | 109.057 (!) | 0.09089 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a, 4 |
| liters | L |
24.304 | 0.092 MBtu/gallon | 23.989 (!) | 0.09089 MBtu/gallon | 1, 2a, 4 |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 | 4 |
Heat content: US 0.092 MBtu/gallon; CA 0.09089 MBtu/gallon.
- CA
CCF: Gaseous propane (note 4). The table states no gas-phase heat content; 2.516 kBtu/cf is implied by the multiplier. - CA
L: Consistent with 0.090809 MBtu/gallon, not the printed 0.09089 (see the US-gallon entry). - CA
ft3: Gaseous propane (note 4). The table states no gas-phase heat content; 2.516 kBtu/cf is implied by the multiplier. - CA
gal_UK: Consistent with 0.090809 MBtu/gallon, not the printed 0.09089 (see the US-gallon entry). - CA
gal_US: The printed heat content reads 0.09089 MBtu/gallon, but the gallon, UK-gallon and litre multipliers (90.809, 109.057, 23.989) all follow 0.090809 MBtu/gallon; the heat-content cell appears to drop a digit. Transcribed as printed. - CA
kcf: Gaseous propane (note 4). The table states no gas-phase heat content; 2.516 kBtu/cf is implied by the multiplier. - US
CCF: Gaseous propane (note 4). The table states no gas-phase heat content; 2.516 kBtu/cf is implied by the multiplier. - US
ft3: Gaseous propane (note 4). The table states no gas-phase heat content; 2.516 kBtu/cf is implied by the multiplier. - US
kcf: Gaseous propane (note 4). The table states no gas-phase heat content; 2.516 kBtu/cf is implied by the multiplier.
District Steam (district_steam)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Lbs | lb |
1.194 | 1,194 Btu/Lb | 1.194 | 1,194 Btu/Lb | 1c, 2b |
| kLbs (thousand pounds) | klb |
1,194 | 1,194 Btu/Lb | 1,194 | 1,194 Btu/Lb | 1c, 2b |
| MLbs (million pounds) | MMlb |
1,194,000 | 1,194 Btu/Lb | 1,194,000 | 1,194 Btu/Lb | 1c, 2b, 5 |
| therms | therm |
100.0 | 100.000 | |||
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 | |||
| kg | kg |
2.632 | 1,194 Btu/Lb | 2.632 | 1,194 Btu/Lb | 1c, 2b |
Heat content: US 1,194 Btu/Lb; CA 1,194 Btu/Lb.
District Hot Water (district_hot_water)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Therms | therm |
100 | 100 | |||
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US Not Needed - No Volume Entry Units; CA Not Needed - No Volume Entry Units.
District Chilled Water (All Types) (district_chilled_water)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Ton Hours | ton-hour |
12.0 | 12.0 | |||
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US Not Needed - No Volume Entry Units; CA Not Needed - No Volume Entry Units.
Coal (anthracite) (coal_anthracite)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Tons | short_ton |
25,090 | 25.09 MBtu/ton | 23,818 | 23.818 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| Lbs | lb |
12.545 | 25.09 MBtu/ton | 11.909 | 23.818 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| kLbs (thousand pounds) | klb |
12,545 | 25.09 MBtu/ton | 11,909 | 23.818 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| MLbs (million pounds) | MMlb |
12,545,000 | 25.09 MBtu/ton | 11,909,055 | 23.818 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a, 5 |
| Tonnes (metric) | tonne |
27,658.355 | 25.09 MBtu/ton | 26,255 | 23.818 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 25.09 MBtu/ton; CA 23.818 MBtu/ton.
- CA
short_ton: Tons are short tons (2,000 lb), as the Lbs multiplier confirms. - US
short_ton: Tons are short tons (2,000 lb), as the Lbs multiplier confirms.
Coal (bituminous) (coal_bituminous)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Tons | short_ton |
24,930 | 24.93 MBtu/ton | 21,496 | 21.496 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| Lbs | lb |
12.465 | 24.93 MBtu/ton | 10.748 | 21.496 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| kLbs (thousand pounds) | klb |
12,465 | 24.93 MBtu/ton | 10,748 | 21.496 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| MLbs (million pounds) | MMlb |
12,465,000 | 24.93 MBtu/ton | 10,748,245 | 21.496 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a, 5 |
| Tonnes (metric) | tonne |
27,482 | 24.93 MBtu/ton | 23,695 | 21.496 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 24.93 MBtu/ton; CA 21.496 MBtu/ton.
- CA
short_ton: Tons are short tons (2,000 lb), as the Lbs multiplier confirms. - US
short_ton: Tons are short tons (2,000 lb), as the Lbs multiplier confirms.
Coke (coke)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Tons | short_ton |
24,800 | 24.80 MBtu/ton | 24,790 | 24.79 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| Lbs | lb |
12.4 | 24.80 MBtu/ton | 12.395 | 24.79 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| kLbs (thousand pounds) | klb |
12,400 | 24.80 MBtu/ton | 12,395 | 24.79 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| MLbs (million pounds) | MMlb |
12,400,000 | 24.80 MBtu/ton | 12,394,876 | 24.79 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a, 5 |
| Tonnes (metric) | tonne |
27,339 | 24.80 MBtu/ton | 27,326 | 24.79 MBtu/ton | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 24.80 MBtu/ton; CA 24.79 MBtu/ton.
- CA
short_ton: Tons are short tons (2,000 lb), as the Lbs multiplier confirms. - US
short_ton: Tons are short tons (2,000 lb), as the Lbs multiplier confirms.
Wood (wood)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1 | 1 | |||
| MBtu/MMBtu (million Btu) | MMBtu |
1,000 | 1,000 | 5 | ||
| Tons | short_ton |
17,480 | 17.48 MBtu/Ton | 15,477 | 15.48 MBtu/Ton | 1, 2a |
| Tonnes (metric) | tonne |
15,857 (!) | 17.48 MBtu/Ton | 17,061 | 15.48 MBtu/Ton | 1, 2a |
| GJ (billion joules) | GJ |
947.817 | 947.817 |
Heat content: US 17.48 MBtu/Ton; CA 15.48 MBtu/Ton.
- CA
short_ton: Tons are short tons (2,000 lb), as the Lbs multiplier confirms. - US
short_ton: Tons are short tons (2,000 lb), as the Lbs multiplier confirms. - US
tonne: The printed 15,857 kBtu per metric tonne is 17,480 / 1.10231, i.e. the ton multiplier divided rather than multiplied by the 1.10231 short tons in a tonne; 17.48 MBtu/ton gives 19,268 kBtu per tonne. Transcribed as printed; Portfolio Manager applies the printed multiplier.
Other (other)
| Input unit (as printed) | Key | US kBtu per unit | US heat content | CA kBtu per unit | CA heat content | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kBtu (thousand Btu) | kBtu |
1.0 | 1.0 |
Heat content: US Not Needed - No Volume Entry Units; CA Not Needed - No Volume Entry Units.